The issue is in the 1.8.x build of vagrant for Windows. Since Vagrant has C++ components, on windows it depends on the standard C++ 32 bit lib which can be found at https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=8328 which has been removed in windows 10. Installing this, followed by vagrant or reinstalling it after this is installed will fix this problem.
This is a specifically know issue only in Windows 10.
References for this issue on the official Vagrant repo